![]() As a result, they are unlikely to become addicted to alcohol. They do so by influencing the way various substances are metabolized, influencing the response to the substance by enhancing the positive or negative effects of the drug.įor example, generally, Europeans metabolize alcohol quickly, so they do not feel sick, but 50% of Asians metabolize alcohol slowly, so they feel very nauseous after drinking even a small amount of alcohol. Genetic factors play a role in addiction by predisposing individuals to become addicted to some substances. Risk factors in the development of addiction (AO1) Genetic vulnerability AO1 Applying theories of behavior change to addictive behavior.Risk factors in the development of addiction (AO1).She has to increase the dose of the substance to obtain the same effects as her initial response of relaxation. ![]() She has also developed tolerance for nicotine, she has a diminished response to nicotine as a result of repeated use this is why she does not find that cigarettes don’t help her relax as much as they used to. She has used nicotine so often and in such amount that she experiences withdrawal symptoms when she does not smoke for a short period of time so she feels the urge to smoke a lot more often than when she started. Marie smokes a lot more than when she started because she has developed nicotine physical dependence. Use your knowledge of the key features of addiction to explain what is happening to Marie. However, she now finds that despite smoking a lot more than she used to, cigarettes don’t help her relax as much as they did when she first started. Marie started smoking a few years ago and used to find smoking relaxing. The type and severity of the symptoms depend on the type of drug, the amount used, and the length of time the substance has been used.įear of withdrawal syndrome often motivates people to carry on using the drug. ![]() This can lead to very unpleasant psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety and physical symptoms such as nausea, loss of sleep, and weight loss. When the level is reduced, or the drug is absent, the brain seeks the substance to bring the level back up. This is due to the fact that the brain has adjusted its functioning to the presence of the drug. This occurs in drug and alcohol-addicted individuals who discontinue or reduce the use of the drug. The level of tolerance is different for different effects of the substance, e.g., to get the euphoric feelings produced by cocaine, an individual might have to increase the dose, but the effects on the respiratory system increase with the amount taken, which can lead to respiratory arrest and death. Tolerance can develop into many types of drugs: legal such as benzodiazepam (Valium), and illegal, such as cocaine. Tolerance is a physical effect of repeated use of a drug, not necessarily a sign of addiction. The individual has to increase the dose of the substance to obtain the same effects as their initial response. Tolerance is shown when a person has a diminished response to a drug as a result of repeated use. e.g., when people stop smoking, they recover physically in a very short time, but their emotional need for nicotine takes a lot longer. Psychological dependence: this is an emotional need to use a substance or perform a behavior that has no underlying physical need. ![]() Physical dependence: occurs when a person has used a substance so often and in such amount that they experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop using the substance. The only behavior included is gambling, as not enough research on other behavior, such as internet use, has been carried out to justify their inclusion. Addiction is characterized by key features:Īddiction is included in the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) in the category “Substance-related and Addictive Disorders.” ![]()
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